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Miss Beatrice Shilling astride her Norton at Brooklands in July, 1935. Getty Images/Fox Photos

Two decades before Katherine Johnson, Mary Jackson, and Dorothy Vaughan broke through racial and sexual bias to make history at NASA in the 1960s—a feat celebrated in the 2016 movie Hidden Figures—there was Beatrice Shilling.

Shilling, known as Tilly to her friends, was a remarkably gifted British engineer who in 1936 was recruited to serve as a scientific officer in the Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE), a position she held until her retirement in 1969. Shilling’s decision to join the RAE had a lasting effect not only on her life but also may have saved the lives of pilots and soldiers in World War II.

At 14, Shilling was an inquisitive teenager who bought a motorbike, with which she was constantly tinkering. She wasn’t dreaming of becoming an engineer at the time, but that all changed when her mother discovered The Women’s Engineering Society. Inspired, she secured her daughter an apprenticeship at an electrical firm and, in 1932, Beatrice earned an engineering degree from Manchester University. In doing so she became one of the first two women to study engineering at that institution. With jobs scarce during the Great Depression, she went on to earn a master’s degree, focusing her research on combustion engines.

RAE engineers (left to right) Margaret Rowbotham, Beatrice and Margaret Partridge.
The Institute of Engineering and Technology

Shilling wasn’t just mechanically inclined, either; she also became a proficient motorcycle racer in the 1930s, lapping Brooklands at 106 mph on her Norton M30 500 to earn a gold star. She also raced four-wheeled machines, driving a 1935 Lagonda at Silverstone and later racing sports cars at Goodwood in the 1950s.

In a 1969 letter, Shilling recalled her arrival at the RAE in 1936. According to www.northropgrumman.com, Shilling wrote, “The Air Ministry, having had some experience of women’s work in the First World War, were not entirely unsympathetic, and I was offered a job as an assistant in the Technical Publications Department at the Establishment.” After spending eight months writing aero-engine handbooks, she was transferred to the engine department, where she specialized in research and development on carburetors, a much better match for her skills and interest.

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A V-12 liquid cooled Merlin III airplane engine, built in 1941 or 1942, at the Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago, Il. J. B. Spector/Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago/Getty Images

By 1941, the Royal Aircraft Establishment had developed an anti-g modification which would become a standard feature of all new SU carburetors. However, Miss Shilling’s restrictor was retained by many aircraft, depending on their role in battle.

“Beatrice Shilling is an inspiration to us all,” says Mark Burnett, managing director for Burlen Limited, which still manufactures and supplies SU carburetors around the world. “Not only was she a first-class engineer but she also loved speed and was fast on both two wheels and four.

“Miss Shilling should be celebrated and remembered for the incredible woman she was, and as an engineer who made wartime pilots lives as safe as they could be when in battle.”

Eighty years later—and 30 years after her death in 1990—we salute Beatrice Shilling, whose inquisitive mind and quest for speed and adventure broke the mold. Her contributions to the Allied Forces in World War II are a testament to her lasting legacy.

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In 1940, the 31-year-old Shilling found a solution to a carburetor malfunction in the Rolls-Royce Merlin III engines that were used in Royal Air Force Hurricane and Spitfire fighter planes. Employing 100-octane fuel to increase boost and increase engine output to 1310 horsepower, the planes were plenty fast, but the Merlin’s Skinners Union (SU) AVT35/135 carburetor would suffer a “fluff” when entering a steep dive. The negative g-forces would momentarily throw the fuel to the top of the float chamber and starve the jet of fuel for 1.5 seconds. Although the carburetors would regain function, the situation was potentially disastrous.

Shilling devised a preventative modification, retrofitted to all serving aircraft: a restrictor (or orifice plate) with a calibrated aperture in the center was fitted to the fuel line before the carburetor. It limited the fuel flow to a volume only slightly less than the engine demanded at full power, and while it did not stop the momentary weak hesitation, it prevented the excruciatingly long 1.5-second cut. (The modification’s nickname, Miss Shilling’s orifice, has aged rather poorly.)

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Revised: December 07, 2020.